What was the status of affirmative action in college admissions after the Supreme Court decisions in Bakke v. University of California Board of Regents (1978) and Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)?
a. Affirmative action policies are generally permissible, as the advancement of diversity is a compelling government interest.
b. Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance.
c. Affirmative action policies must ensure that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in accordance with the population of the nation as a whole.
d. All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on the color of their skin.
a
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The 1970 extension of the Voting Rights Act required which of the following with regard to ballots?
A. ballots be available in Mandarin Chinese where at least 5% of the population is Chinese B. ballots be optically scanned to ensure a proper count C. ballots be printed in English only, the official language of the United States D. ballots be available in Spanish where at least 5% of the population is Hispanic
Select a key distinction between international treaties and many international organizations:
a. International treaties carry the force of law while international organizations do not. b. International organizations carry the force of law while international treaties do not. c. Only international organizations carry the force of law. d. Neither international treaties nor international organizations carry the force of law.
In 1773, the Sons of Liberty in Boston created a man-made crisis in order to push away the possibility of reconciling with Great Britain. Their action has been referred to as ______ by historians.
a. the Boston Massacre b. the Boston Rampage c. the Boston Tea Party d. the Boston Uprising
Whether pursuing resources or autonomy, all bureaucracies have to engage in
A. building close relationships with Congress because the legislative branch controls the budget B. watching the Supreme Court closely because the justices also do not have to face the voters so they are willing to strike down bureaucratic rules as unconstitutional C. politics that involves mobilizing supporters, gathering allies, negotiating mutually beneficial deals with other politicians, keeping in touch with people whose cooperation is needed, and adapting to the realities of power D. partisan politics to ensure the election of presidents who are generally more committed to expanding the size and scope of federal programs