What is the function of a hub? How does it differ from a switch or router?
A hub is a central connection point for nodes in a LAN. In early Ethernet networks, it provided separate point-to-point connections between nodes and the hub by using less expensive cabling in a physical star topology and attaching these connections to its internal shared bus.As technology progressed, switches and routers replaced hubs.
A switch generally has a dozen or more input connections for network nodes. Unlike a hub, point-to-point connections with nodes aren't connected to a shared transmission medium. Instead, a switch examines the destination address of each incoming message and temporarily connects the sender's transmission line to the receiver's transmission line. Switches are more complex than hubs because they contain multiple connection points that can connect and disconnect rapidly and because they must "understand" message formats to extract addresses and control connection duration. In addition, switches eliminate congestion and collisions.
A router intelligently forwards messages between two or more networks. It stores messages in a buffer, examines their contents, and applies decision rules to determine where to forward messages. The routing process is more complex than switching, and there's a longer delay between message receipt and retransmission.Routers can be connected to more than two networks and can forward messages based on information other than the destination address.
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