Which theory contends that individuals become stabilized in criminal roles when they are labeled as criminals, are stigmatized, develop criminal identities, are sent to prison, and are excluded from conventional roles?

a. strain theory
b. differential association theory
c. social learning theory
d. social reaction theory


d. social reaction theory

Criminal Justice

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The Central Asian republics have made the greatest strides of the former Soviet Union states in eliminating conditions for organized crime

Indicate whether the statement is true or false

Criminal Justice

Describe the diversity of state court benches.

What will be an ideal response?

Criminal Justice

Public opinion concerning the Court-packing plan was ______.

A. favorable nationwide B. unfavorable nationwide C. largely unchanged D. in favor of an alternate to the plan

Criminal Justice

Same-sex domestic violence occurs almost twice as frequently as heterosexual domestic violence

Indicate whether the statement is true or false

Criminal Justice