Discuss risk factors and protective/promotive factors as they relate to key developmental tasks in adolescence.
What will be an ideal response?
The ideal answer should include:
1. Risk factors include exposure to something that increases the likelihood of maladaptive outcomes. Risk factors include:
- Poor psychological well-being
- High levels of racial/ethnic discrimination
- Engaging in problem behaviors such as drug use and delinquent behavior
- Experiences with controlling and negative parent-adolescent relationships
- Friends who engage in risky behavior
2. Protective or promotive factors buffer the individual from maladaptive outcomes. These factors include:
- Good psychological well-being
- Developing a positive racial/ethnic identity
- Holding high educational/occupational expectations and educational aspirations
- Possessing positive academic self-beliefs, values, and motivation
- Positive parent and peer relationships, communication, and support
3. An adolescent who is exposed to risk factors will have a more difficult time successfully navigating developmental tasks, and an adolescent who is exposed to protective/promotive factors will have an easier time navigating key tasks. Key tasks include:
- Developing high self-esteem, healthy emotional functioning, and resilience (or grit)
- Developing a strong racial/ethnic identity and coping with discrimination
- Developing good academic expectations and functioning
- Minimizing problem behaviors such as using drugs and delinquent behavior
- Developing autonomy and positive parent-child relationships
- Developing close and supportive relationships with peers
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