List and describe the four distinct emotional display patterns that infants exhibit at 4 to 6 months of age. Provide an example of each.
What will be an ideal response?
The ideal answer should include:
1. Social engagement includes a facial expression of joy, positive vocalization, and gazing at the caregiver. An example is an infant who looks at a caregiver while smiling.
2. Object engagement includes gazing at and mouthing objects, scanning the physical environment, and an interested facial expression. An example is an infant who puts a toy in her mouth.
3. Passive withdrawal includes irritable vocalization, a sad facial expression, and stress indicators, such as spitting up or hiccupping. An example is an infant who cries so vigorously that he starts to hiccup.
4. Active protest includes an angry facial expression, scanning behavior, escape attempts, and irritable vocalizations. An example is an infant who does not want to be held by a stranger, and so he cries and tries to escape the stranger's grasp.
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What is problematic about the legal criteria used to determine degrees of visual impairment, especially with regard to the development of children?
A. No consistent federal guidelines for classifying visual impairment have been adopted. B. Determining impairment is based on the judgment of a family physician, and that judgment may be flawed due to lack of training or special considerations. C. Most insurance companies don't reimburse for corrective lenses; therefore, children and their parents are reluctant to admit to visual difficulties. D. The criteria pertain solely to distance vision, whereas children with visual difficulties usually engage in close-up visual tasks in the classroom.
Gordon Allport referred to the set of 5 to 10 descriptive traits that can be used to accurately describe an individual as:
a. central traits b. cardinal traits c. secondary traits d. source traits
Which of the following is NOT an example of a behavioral therapy technique based upon contingency management principles?
a. "Grandma's rule" (i.e., the Premack principle) b. shaping c. time-out d. systematic desensitization
Bar charts are used instead of histograms when the data are
a. Continuous b. Non-continuous c. In the form of values that may fall at any point along an unseparated scale of points d. None of these since bar charts and histograms are synonymous.