What is ram ventilation? Is ram ventilation energetically "free"? Justify your answer
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: Teleost fish use a buccal-opercular pump to ventilate the gills. Water flows from the mouth through the buccal cavity and into the opercular cavity, and then out through the slit formed by the operculum. However, if a fish swims forward with its mouth open, water will flow across the gills without active pumping by the muscles surrounding the buccal and opercular cavities. This strategy is called ram ventilation, and is used by many active fish species. Ram ventilation is efficient because the fish does not need to use the muscles around its buccal and opercular cavities to move water through the gills. However, the fish needs to be swimming, which is energetically costly, and its body position with the mouth open may increase drag on the fish and increase the cost of locomotion. Therefore, the answer can be either yes or no, depending on how it is justified.
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Describe the development of reproductive organs in a fetus of each gender. Which genes, gene products, and hormones are involved in the sex differences? Which sex-related hormones are circulating in high concentrations in a pregnant woman compared to a nonpregnant woman? Do these hormones cross the placenta (if you are uncertain, consider hormone chemical class relative to membrane permeability to make an educated guess)? Assuming these hormones do cross the placenta, how do they affect the hormonal environment inside the fetus, and how does this relate to fetal reproductive development?
What will be an ideal response?
Oxygen-poor blood passes through the ________.
A. pulmonary and aortic valves B. right AV (tricuspid) and pulmonary valves C. left AV (mitral) and aortic valves D. right AV (tricuspid) valve only E. left AV (mitral) valve only
Which bone does not contain a paranasal sinus?
A. Sphenoid bone B. Maxilla C. Mandible D. Frontal bone E. Ethmoid bone
Which of the following represents the correct sequence for managing a patient's airway?
A) Open, clear, assess, intervene B) Clear, open, assess, intervene C) Assess, clear, open, intervene D) Open, assess, clear, intervene