According to reciprocal causation (Bandura, 1986), ______.
a. people learn the most when their fates are tied together
b. the learner beliefs and chosen actions interact with the environment
c. group learning is more beneficial than individual study
d. punishment is as effective as reinforcement for learning
Ans: B
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Luis diligently attempts to build a tower of blocks, which topples over each time he places the eighth block. Undeterred, he begins rebuilding the tower each time it falls. Luis is demonstrating __________, part of effortful control.
A. attention/persistence B. high-intensity pleasure C. behavioral inhibition D. negative emotionality
Researchers have had trouble replicating studies that found a particular gene linked to schizophrenia. According to one recent hypothesis, ____
a. genes in fact have nothing to do with schizophrenia b. the same genes responsible for schizophrenia also produce Huntington's disease c. spontaneous mutations in any of hundreds of genes can cause schizophrenia d. most genetic researchers fail to examine the X and Y chromosomes
Research that takes place in an open system as compared to a closed system has:
a. greater control. b. less ability to rule out alternative explanations. c. has greater internal validity. d. all of these
Which of these is an element of the formal definition of mental retardation?
a. low levels of social functioning b. evidence of brain damage c. slower than normal reflexes d. onset of deficits prior to age 6 e. preterm birth