Emergency department nurses monitor a patient for signs of pseudoaddiction to opioid substances. Which of the following observations about the patient's behavior can help confirm the diagnosis of pseudoaddiction?
1. The patient requires increasingly larger doses of medication for pain relief.
2. The patient appears intoxicated or drugged.
3. The patient appears less angry after pain relief is reported.
4. The patient appears sedated.
3
Rationale: Inadequate pain relief can cause a phenomenon known as pseudoaddiction in which patients demand more pain medication, watch the clock for next dose timing, and engage in other pain control behaviors that are also prevalent among addicts. Patients can become angry at health care providers when pain relief is obtained. Patients who need increases in pain medication doses to relieve pain have developed a tolerance for a drug; they are not pseudoaddicts. Appearing intoxicated, drugged, or overly sedated are signs of substance addiction.
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