According to the test delineated in Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), to survive an Establishment Clause challenge, a law or practice must
a. have a secular purpose.
b. not have the principal effect of inhibiting or advancing religion.
c. avoid excessive government entanglement with religion.
d. All of the above are true.
D
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Darwin's great discovery was also made by his contemporary,
A) Einstein. B) Skinner. C) Wallace. D) Bandura.
In general, the American system provides
A) a government that is less discriminatory than other governments. B) a government where Americans can speak their minds more freely than in most other countries. C) a government that has a better record than most at protecting Americans against foreign aggression. D) citizens with the ability to find out what their government is doing with relative ease. E) All of the above.
In several landmark cases in 1962, 1963, and 1985, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of prayer in public school classrooms. What is and has been the opinion of the Supreme Court in this matter?
A) Each school district must look to its community standards concerning religion and follow the majority of public opinion. B) Community religious leaders have a limited right to advise school officials on religious activities and teachings in the public schools. C) Public schools may not require or encourage student prayer as part of an official school program. D) Elementary schools may not advocate or require participation in prayer or bible study, but high schools are exempted because of the maturity level of the students. E) Though such prayer was once disallowed, the conservative sweep of the Supreme Court after the 2004 presidential elections has led to its overturning the ban on school prayer.
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. “The state of nature” describes situations in which there is no state. 2. Individuals enjoy civil rights in the state of nature. 3. The predatory view of the state holds that states that exercise an effective control over the use of violence are in a position to threaten the security of citizens, and thereby exploit them. 4. According to Tilly, the political geography of modern Europe (that is, the development of states) was essentially an unintended consequence of the strategies employed by lords and kings to keep a grasp on power. 5. According to the discussion of the contractarian view of the state in Chapter 4, in order for a state (civil society) to emerge from an initial “state of nature” situation, it must be the case that the state (a) is willing to impose sufficiently high punishments to deter individuals from engaging in antisocial behavior and (b) is also willing to refrain from taxing its citizens excessively.