Which valvular condition is characterized by the valve opening being constricted and narrowed, causing the valve leaflets, or cusps, to fail to open completely?
a. Regurgitation
b. Insufficiency
c. Stenosis
d. Incompetence
ANS: C
Valvular stenosis occurs when the valve opening is constricted and narrowed. Valvular regurgita-tion occurs when blood moves backward into the chamber from which it came. Valvular insuffi-ciency occurs when blood regurgitates backward into the chamber from which it came. Valvular incompetence leads to regurgitation.
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