Which of the following is found almost universally in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD)?
a. Airway dilation
b. Bronchoconstriction
c. Compensatory cytokine release
d. Decreased compliance
ANS: D
In almost all of the ILDs, the lungs have reduced compliance and require supranormal transpleu-ral pressures to ventilate (Figure 26-4). This lack of compliance results in small lung volumes and increased work of breathing.
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