A major distinction between chiefdoms and states is that:
a. Chiefs control their people through fear, whereas states control their people through political consensus.
b. Chiefdoms are egalitarian, whereas states have social ranking.
c. In chiefdoms, social ranking is based on kinship, whereas in states, kinship ties no longer extend throughout the society.
d. In chiefdoms, there is no centralized authority, whereas in states, there is a centralized authority.
e. Chiefdoms are integrated economically through redistribution, whereas states are economically integrated through reciprocity.
C
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In "Poverty at Work: Office Work and the Crack Alternative," Bourgois claims that only 15 percent of second generation Puerto Ricans living in New York's Spanish Harlem have ever held a job in the formal economy
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
What type of subtle socialization might account for the observation that girls often show more responsible and nurturant behavior than boys?
A) Girls are almost always asked to do more work than boys. B) Boys are encouraged to be irresponsible and wasteful with their toys. C) Girls are told from an early age that they must be responsible. D) Boys are given more difficult chores than girls.
An object or act (verbal or non-verbal) that, by cultural conviction, stands for something else with which it has no necessary connection is a(n)
a. taboo. b. symbol. c. artifact. d. ritual. e. sign
What kinds of information are transmitted through the gesture–call system?
a. reason and abstract thought b. emotions and intentions c. actions and motivations d. warfare and aggression