As related to central nervous system injuries that could occur to the infant during labor and birth, nurses should be aware that:
a. Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) as a result of birth trauma is more likely to occur in the preterm, low-birth-weight infant.
b. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (the most common form of ICH) occurs in term infants as a result of hypoxia.
c. In many infants signs of hemorrhage in a full-term infant are absent and are diagnosed only through laboratory tests.
d. Spinal cord injuries almost always result from forceps-assisted deliveries.
ANS: C
Abnormalities in lumbar punctures or red blood cell counts, for instance, or in visuals on computed tomography scan may reveal a hemorrhage. ICH as a result of birth trauma is more likely to occur in the full-term, large infant. Subarachnoid hemorrhage in term infants is a result of trauma; in preterm infants it is a result of hypoxia. Spinal cord injuries are almost always from breech births; they are rare today because cesarean birth often is used for breech presentation.
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