When Watson and Rayner (1920) conditioned an infant to fear a white rat by making a loud noise whenever the rat appeared, it was an example of __________.
A. Sigmund Freud's theory
B. classical conditioning
C. social learning theory
D. operant conditioning
Answer: B
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Systematic desensitization is a technique based on
a. instrumental conditioning. b. classical conditioning. c. operant conditioning. d. aversive conditioning.
The major difference between proactive coping and other forms of coping (such as problem-based and emotionbased) is that proactive coping
a. occurs before a stressful event takes place. b. is principally a cognitive strategy. c. has no reported physiological effects. d. is effective for events low in controllability.
When she was a child, Bianca had several embarrassing experiences at the local school, and now feels ill at ease when she goes to the school with her children. This is probably an example of:
a. a school phobia. b. intermittent reinforcement. c. emotional conditioning. d. operant behavior.
A market-based policy regarding environmental problems is
A) the imposition of fines or imprisonment to those who are caught damaging the environment. B) a prescriptive legal regulation to punish violators. C) an appeal to people's intrinsic sense of social responsibility. D) an offer of rewards to those who reduce their socially harmful behaviors.