Noninvasive diagnostic procedures used to determine kidney function include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
a. Kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB) x-ray
b. Renal ultrasound
c. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
d. Intravenous pyelography (IVP)
e. Renal angiography
A, B, C
Noninvasive diagnostic procedures are usually performed before any invasive diagnostic procedures are conducted. Noninvasive diagnostic procedures that assess the renal system are radiography of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB); renal ultrasonography; and magnetic resonance imaging. Invasive diagnostic procedures for assessing the renal system include intravenous pyelography, computed tomography, renal angiography, renal scanning, and renal biopsy.
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