How does systematic desensitization make use of the principles of classical conditioning to help people with phobias?
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
• Systematic desensitization is based on the classical-conditioning procedure of counterconditioning, in which a stimulus (such as a dog) for an unwanted response (such as fear) is paired with some other stimulus or situation that elicits a response incompatible with the undesirable one, usually relaxation.
• The client learns to relax deeply while imagining or looking at a sequence of feared stimuli, arranged in a hierarchy from the least frightening to the most frightening.
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Jackson and Sydnee were looking forward to a long-anticipated trip to celebrate Sydnee's college graduation. A week before the trip, Jackson had a major argument with his father about the family business. Jackson left angry and resentful. Which of the following statements describes how the argument between Jackson and his father will likely impact the trip?
A. The couple will be unfazed by the argument and will enjoy their trip. B. Still feeling angry, Jackson will cancel the trip. C. Sydnee will enjoy the trip, but Jackson will not. D. Both Jackson and Sydnee will experience the argument's negative impact on their trip.
The public health director of an urban area in the Southwestern U.S. has just presided over the opening of a new clinic that provide services for clients with panic disorder. She knows from the research that the clinic will probably serve ____
a. mostly Mexican Americans, as they are at a much higher risk than other groups b. a large portion of the community; the lifetime prevalence is roughly 12 percent c. twice as many women as men d. a diverse population without any other mental disorders
Which of the following statements about object recognition is correct?
a. Visual information is first processed in the primary visual cortex, but it is eventually stored in the retina. b. In general, we need at least one second to recognize an object. c. The primary visual cortex is responsible for identifying complex objects; in contrast, other portions of the brain identify lines and simple shapes. d. Regions of the cortex beyond the primary visual cortex are active when we identify complex objects.
Problems with the use of the Zener cards in Rhine's early experiments included all of the following EXCEPT
a. badly printed Zener cards that allowed the symbols to show faintly from the back. b. subjects noting marks on the cards caused by normal use. c. the experimenter unconsciously giving people cues with their eyes or facial gestures. d. the use of the double-blind experiments.