The view, according to Akers, that both deviant and conventional behaviors are learned is called:
a. differential association theory. b. labeling theory.
c. social reaction theory. d. differential reinforcement theory.
d
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__________ penalties require offenders to express remorse, usually publicly,for committing a particular crime
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
According to the lifestyle theory, age is not a determinate in relative risk of victimization because age is not a lifestyle
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
What is the purpose of the Victims’ Rights Amendment (VRA)?
A. Enable prosecutors to press charges for crimes when victims refuse to participate. B. Help state and federal governments with rehabilitating offenders. C. Prevent people from being victims of crime. D. Support the fundamental rights of crime victims in the criminal justice system.
For criminals, an offense can permanently alter one’s identity, and the idea that they now become known solely for that one past act is called:
a. Retributive imaging b. Responsive shaming c. Primary persona d. Master status