How do researchers account for individual differences in an experiment, statistically?
A. by having participants self-report any unique characteristics they may have, and then coding those differences as values of error
B. by using random assignment to make individual differences about the same in each group
C. by using a test statistic to determine the likelihood that something other than the manipulation caused differences in a dependent measure between groups
D. by having participants all give the same response on the same dependent measure in each group
Answer: C
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Which of the following is the best example of belief perseverance?
a. Terrence supports the war in Iraq. He does not like to watch any TV programming that is critical of the war. b. Charlie believes his MP3 player is in the medicine cabinet. Even after he has looked absolutely everywhere in the cabinet and found no evidence whatsoever of the player, he continues to believe this. c. Krista believes in ghosts. She says that she has seen them, and refuses to listen to anyone who wants to tell her otherwise. d. Although her chances of winning are extremely slim, Eve continues to hope that one day she will win the lottery.
Researchers conducted a study on "inattentional blindness" in the central gathering plaza of a university campus to determine whether individuals would notice unusual events. For half of the observation periods, a clown rode a unicycle in the plaza; in the other half of the observation periods, two costumed confederates acted a scene from Hamlet. Trained research assistants asked individuals who had walked through the plaza if they had noticed anything unusual. What type of observational study does this study represent?
A. field experiment B. structured observation C. naturalistic observation D. reactive observation
Babbling is characterized by
a. intended communication b. containing regular meaning c. vowel sounds without consonants d. repeated syllables
Which statement is true of neurons?
A. Neurons have a high metabolic rate and require a continuous source of fuel. B. The dendrites store nutrients and oxygen for later use by the soma of the neuron. C. Neurons make up 89 percent of the volume of the brain. D. Dead glial cells are replaced by newly formed neurons.