Which of the following is the best definition of autoimmune disease?
A) a condition in which B cells and T cells respond independently to antigens and do not interact correctly
B) a condition in which the adaptive immune system fails to recognize the second infection by the same antigen
C) a condition in which self molecules are treated as non-self
D) a condition in which the immune system creates random antibodies without being triggered by an antigen
Answer: C
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Compare the molecular formula of a carbohydrate (CH2O)n with that of carbon dioxide (CO2). What does the presence of hydrogen atoms in carbohydrates indicate?
A) Carbohydrates are more reduced than carbon dioxide. B) Carbohydrates are more oxidized than carbon dioxide. C) Every carbon atom in a carbohydrate is bonded to four different atoms. D) Carbohydrates contain a carbonyl functional group.
A frameshift mutation could result from _____
A) a base insertion only B) a base deletion only C) a base substitution only D) deletion of three consecutive bases E) either an insertion or a deletion of a base
There are ______ different alleles for blood type in humans.
A. 3 B. 4 C. 8 D. 12
Cells communicate with one another via ________
A) cascades of gene activation B) the diffusion of RNA transcripts through adhesion junctions C) signal transduction pathways D) RNA splicing