Which of the statements is true, relative to error? (Select all that apply.)

a. True score plus error score equals observed score.
b. Random error of measurement increases the mean.
c. The mean of the true measurements is equal to the mean of the observed measurements when there is no systematic error.
d. No measurement of anything is ever correct.
e. Measurement error always exists, if a straightforward measurement like counting is made often enough and by enough people.


ANS: A, C, E
Observed score = true score + random error. Random error does not influence the mean to be higher or lower but, rather, increases the amount of unexplained variance around the mean. Measurement error is the difference between what exists in reality and what is measured by an instrument.

Nursing

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