An association may meet all the criteria for causation and later be shown to be false or factitious because of factors that were not known at the time the study was done. Investigators must interpret results with great caution;
they rarely consider a cause "proven." Which is a widely used criterion for evaluating causation?
A) Association is not strong.
B) Association is not specific.
C) Association is temporally correct.
D) Association is the result of a confounding variable.
Ans: C
Six widely used criteria for evaluating causation are the association is strong; the association is consistent; the association is temporally correct; the association is specific; the association is not the result of a confounding variable; and the association is plausible and consistent with current knowledge.
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Ms. P is a 24-year-old athletic woman who is concerned about gaining excessive weight during her pregnancy. Which of the following statements by the nurse is correct?
1. "No one should gain more than 20 pounds during pregnancy." 2. "Your regular diet should serve you well throughout your pregnancy." 3. "Just indulging your appetite should suffice. Your body will crave the nutrients it needs." 4. "The recommended weight gain is determined from your current height and weight."
As compared with admission considerations for an adult woman in labor, the nurse's priority for an adolescent in labor would be:
1. Cultural background. 2. Plans for keeping the infant. 3. Support persons. 4. Developmental level.