Describe and give one example of three of the following as it relates to the development of ODD and CD: genes and heredity; physiological factors; child factors; parent and family factors; peer factors; and sociocultural factors
What will be an ideal response?
• Genes and heredity – genetic connection; gene-by-environment interaction; children with ODD and CD are more likely to have parents or siblings with similar problems
• Physiological factors – brain imaging has demonstrated differences in brain structure and brain functioning; frontal lobe, amygdala, hypothalamus, HPA axis, neurotransmitter, and hormones (testosterone); connection to maternal smoking and substance abuse
• Child factors – neuropsychological, emotional, cognitive, temperament, and personality factors; high negative emotionality and problematic regulation; low emotionality; lower intelligence; language deficits; poor executive functioning; impaired social cognition
• Parent and family factors – parent characteristics such as genetic background, personality, and psychopathology; parenting attitudes and practices; relationship variables; parental depression; marital conflict; neglectful or indulgent parenting; poor monitoring
• Peer factors – difficulty forming relationships with prosocial peers; rejected children seek out other rejected peers; peer contagion
• Sociocultural factors – neighborhood factors have some influence but are also correlated with race or ethnicity; lack of economic resources; high-crime neighborhoods; delinquent peer groups
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