What is contamination, and when can it occur?
What will be an ideal response?
When a person's memory of an event is changed due to the introduction of misinformation, it is
referred to as contamination. Contamination can occur at different stages of an investigation.
One of the most common sources of eyewitness error is when witnesses' memories become
contaminated by information that they have acquired since they witnessed the event. The most
common source is eyewitness error, but the interviewer can also contribute by influencing
statements of victims, witnesses, and suspects through the questions that are asked and the way
in which they are phrased. Contaminants are leading questions that influence the interviewee to
say what the interviewer wants to hear. Lineups are contaminated when the victim is shown a
photo of a person who later appears in the lineu
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Émile Durkheim is to ______ theory as Edwin Sutherland is to ______ theory.
a. differential association; biological b. routine activities; neutralization c. social strain; learning d. self-control; labeling
Which of the following criminologists is credited with the development of the theory of criminal atavism?
a. Charles Goring c. Cesare Lombroso b. Enrico Ferri d. Raffaele Garofalo
A law enacted in order to retroactively punish behavior is known as the ex post factus law, which means "before the fact."
a. True b. False
The taking requirement, argues the music store, was met when Jeremy attempted to
a. walked around the store with the CD in his hand b. take the CD out of the store c. exercise control over the CD d. move away from the security guard