The contingency perspective refutes universal principles of management by stating that a variety of factors, both internal and external to the firm, may affect an organization's performance. Thus, according to this management approach,
A. a Gantt chart is not an appropriate tool for planning.
B. planning cannot be one of the four functions of management.
C. bureaucratic rules and controls are of major importance.
D. there is no "one best way" to manage and organize because circumstances vary.
E. external factors, internal strengths and weaknesses, and skills of managers and workers should not be considered in planning, organizing, leading, or controlling.
Answer: D
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