A 40-year-old female with the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis has been experiencing severe bladder spasms along with less bladder volume. This is likely due to: Select all that apply
A) Bladder atonia
B) Autonomic hyperreflexia
C) Uninhibited bladder
D) Neurogenic detrusor overactivity
Ans: C, D
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Neurogenic detrusor overactivity, or spastic bladder, is usually characterized by reflex bladder spasms and a decrease in bladder volume. The most common causes of neurogenic detrusor overactivity are spinal cord lesions such as spinal cord injury; vascular lesions, tumors, or herniated intervertebral disk; and multiple sclerosis. Bladder atonia is caused by spinal cord injury. Autonomic hyperreflexia is due to spinal cord injuries at the cervical level. Uninhibited bladder can develop after a stroke or during the early stages of multiple sclerosis.
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