If only 25 percent of the light produced by an emitter is received by the detector due to unclear air, an excess gain of __________ is required to overcome the loss of light.

A. 1´
B. 2´
C. 4´
D. 8´


Answer: C

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Refer to the actuator of Figure P18.16. The entire device is made of sheet steel. The coil has 2,000 turns. The armature is stationary so that the length of the air gaps, g = 10 mm, is fixed. A direct current passing through the coil produces a flux density of 1.2 T in the gaps. Assume ?r = 4,000 for sheet steel. Determine:

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