Compare and contrast the divisions of the autonomic nervous system with reference to the following: (1) the alternate names for each divisions; (2) where their neurons exit the CNS; (3) anatomical differences between their preganglionic and postganglionic neurons; and (4) the specific neurotransmitters released from the neurons in part 3
What will be an ideal response?
(1) The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is also called the "fight-or-flight" division and is most active during times of stress. The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) is called the "rest-and-digest" division because it is more active during restful periods.
(2) The SNS preganglionic neurons exit the CNS in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine, while the PNS preganglionic neurons exit the CNS in the cranial and sacral regions of the spine.
(3) Most SNS preganglionic fibers (axons) are short, while those in the PNS are long. Most SNS postganglionic fibers are long, while those in the PNS are short.
(4) All preganglionic neurons in both the SNS and PNS release ACh, while all postganglionic neurons in the PNS release ACh. Only a few postganglionic neurons in the SNS release ACh, while most release NE.
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Depolarization of an axon is a positive feedback mechanism because ________.
A. as more sodium channels open, the membrane potential decreases B. as more sodium diffuses into the axon, the more voltage-gated sodium channels open C. as more potassium channels open, the membrane potential decreases D. as more sodium diffuses into the axon, the more voltage-gated potassium channels open
Positive inotropic agents
a. decrease the contractility of the heart. b. cause hemolysis of blood clots. c. prevent blood clotting. d. increase the contractility of the heart.
After birth, the foramen ovale is closed as a result of
A. increased resistance in the pulmonary circuit. B. increasing pressure in the right atrium. C. decreased blood volume in the pulmonary veins. D. increasing pressure in the left atrium.
Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration in the ________.
A) lateral horn of the spinal cord B) hypothalamus C) lateral geniculate of the thalamus D) inferior colliculus