The ______ philosophy continued to guide the reformers from the Houses of Refuge through reform efforts and the eventual establishment of the juvenile courts.

A. parens patriae
B. in loco parentis
C. e pluribus parentis
D. in parentis absentia


A. parens patriae

Criminal Justice

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The Chinese manuscript __ __ __ is one of the earliest records of the application of forensics to criminal cases

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

Criminal Justice

Schafer’s life trend typology of criminals includes all of the following except for ______criminals.

a. occasional b. born c. abnormal d. convictional

Criminal Justice

Class characteristics of a fired bullet consist of the number of land and groove impressions in the bullet

Indicate whether the statement is true or false

Criminal Justice

According to the social disorganization view, a healthy, organized community has the ability to regulate itself so that common goals can be achieved; this is referred to as:

a. Social disorganization c. Social control b. Cultural transmission d. Social learning

Criminal Justice