Which of the following was the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Payne v. Tennessee in 1991?
A. It is cruel and unusual punishment to execute the intellectually challenged.
B. State death penalty statutes are constitutional even when statistics indicate that they have been applied in racially biased ways.
C. New evidence of innocence is no reason for a federal court to order a new state trial in the absence of constitutional grounds.
D. Judges and juries may consider victim-impact statements in their sentencing decisions.
Answer: D
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In early English society, villagers responding to the tythingman's "hue and cry" were often given rewards. This system was called:
a. Watch and ward. b. Frankpledge c. Mutual pledge d. Preventive policing
Which of the following occurred when enacting the Sentencing Reform Act?
A. Rehabilitation was dropped as one of the goals of punishment. B. All federal sentences were made indeterminate. C. Appellate review of sentences was discontinued. D. The U.S. Sentencing Commission was disbanded.
Which of the following reasons explains, in part, why leaders in the developing world often do not denounce what the West considers to be terrorism?
a. What the West considers to be terrorism was used during many insurgencies as a legitimate tactic. b. Such leaders are cold-hearted dictators. c. It is not immoral behavior in some cultures. d. It is an honorable practice in some cultures.
______________ states that whenever two objects come into contact with one another, there is an exchange of materials between them.
A. Henry's theory of connectivity B. Shepard's principle of trace evidence C. Locard's Exchange Principle D. Galton's interchange principle