Did the crusades and the Iberian wars between Christians and Muslims lead to greater understanding between the two civilizations? Why or why not?
What will be an ideal response?
A. Crusades legacy did not lead to understanding between Christians and Muslims
1. Christian, Muslim, and Jewish communities in the Middle East, Egypt,
and Spain had lived alongside one another in relative peace before
a. Christians and Muslims intermarried, exchanged culture, and, in
some frontier zones, even worshipped at the same shrines
b. In war, Christian and Muslim states often made alliances
against third parties, regardless of religious affiliation
2. crusades fed on religious propaganda and encouraged the two
traditions to demonize each other
a. crusading fervor also contributed to growing hostility in Europe
between Christians and Jews
b. in most places, when rioters wanted to vent wrath for the loss of
the Holy Land, Jews were the only non-Christian communities available to victimize
B. Legacy of the Iberian wars did not lead to understanding between Christians
and Muslims
1. Since the eighth century, Muslim rulers had held territory as far north
as the Duero and Ebro river valleys, uneasily holding down large
subject Christian populations
a. fortifications protecting the Islamic world's long flank against
raids from the small Christian states that huddled in the
mountains of the northwest
2. in the late tenth century, a strong-arm general, Almanzor, kept the
potentially mutinous armies and regional aristocracies of the Spanish
caliphate busy with wars against the Christians
a. after his death, the caliphate dissolved into numerous competing
kingdoms
b. the Christian frontier lurched southward, as the northern
Christian kingdoms took advantage
3. Spanish Muslim kingdoms called on warrior ascetics from North
Africa, the Almoravids, for help
a. emerged as an alliance of pastoral bands from the Sahara
b. firebrand preaching aroused to holy war
c. combined fanaticism with defiance of norms
d. hurt both Christians and Muslims
1. drove back the Christians
2. spent much of their fury on the rulers of the petty
Muslim kingdoms; first denouncing their luxury, then
seizing it for themselves
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