Explain about the history, popularity, possible physical and psychological side effects of the drug Ecstasy
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: MDMA first appeared on the scene in the 1980s. A number of psychiatrists used the drug as part of their therapy, believing that MDMA had a special ability to enhance empathy among their patients. In fact, some therapists at the time suggested the name empathogens (meaning "generating a state of empathy") to describe MDMA and related drugs. Eventually, after several years of hesitations and reversals, the Drug Enforcement Administration put MDMA permanently on the Schedule I list of controlled substances, indicating that there is no accepted medical application for the drug.
MDMA has become prominent among the new club drugs especially popular at dance clubs and all-night "rave" parties. Widely available under names such as Ecstasy, E, XTC, X, Essence, Clarity, and Adam, MDMA has the reputation
of having the stimulant qualities of amphetamines and the hallucinogenic qualities of mescaline.
The physical health concerns with respect to Ecstasy center on its short-term and long-term toxicity. The principal acute effect is severe hyperthermia (and heatstroke), which can be lethal when Ecstasy is ingested while engaged in the physical exertion of dancing in an
already overheated club environment. The dehydration associated with hyperthermia causes an elevation in blood pressure and heart rate and places a strain on kidney functioning. These problems are compounded by the highly risky practice of "Ecstasy stacking," in which
multiple Ecstasy tablets are taken at once or Ecstasy is combined with LSD, alcohol, marijuana, or other drugs.
Ecstasy use also has been linked to long-term cognitive impairments and emotional difficulties. Heavy and prolonged Ecstasy use can produce confusion, anxiety, sleep problems, reductions in impulse control, and declines in memory and attention. In general, women
show greater behavioral effects from chronic Ecstasy use than do men.
• Possible Physical Effects are hyperthermia and heatstroke, Dehydration and electrolyte depletion Irregular heartbeat or increased heart rate, Kidney and liver failure, Jaw-clenching and other forms of muscle spasms and Long-term neurochemical changes
• Possible Psychological Effects are agitation and confusion, depression and anxiety. Long-term impairments in memory recall
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_________ are used in the Uniform Controlled Substances Act to distinguish between drugs with different legitimate medical uses and varying potentials for abuse
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
Cross-sectional studies have found that the ______ of punishment was strongly associated with intentions to commit future crimes.
a. certainty b. severity c. celerity d. conformity
Cooper v. Pate validated and made clear the right of inmates to sue prison systems and prison staff under the ______.
a. Prison Litigation Act of 1995 b. Jail Reform Act of 1923 c. Lawful Prison Act of 1908 d. Civil Rights Act of 1871
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. Most individuals have stereotypes that may unknowingly affect their perceptions of others. 2. Most studies find that the students who are disproportionately involved with school discipline and the juvenile courts do not misbehave more than other students. 3. Emerging evidence suggests that LGBT adolescents are twice as likely to be arrested and detained for status and other nonviolent offenses. 4. In the majority of instances, it is a single experience or risk factor that leads to students’ involvement in the juvenile court system. 5. Since 1975, Black students have been suspended from school at 2–3 times the rates of White students.