What are constructive processes in memory? Explain.
What will be an ideal response?
Constructive processes are processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events. When we retrieve information, then, the memory that is produced is affected not just by the direct prior experience we have had with the stimulus, but also by our guesses and inferences about its meaning.
The notion that memory is based on constructive processes was first put forward by Frederic Bartlett, a British psychologist. He suggested that people tend to remember information in terms of schemas, organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled. Because we use schemas to organize information, our memories often consist of a reconstruction of previous experience.
Consequently, our schemas are based not only on the actual material to which people are exposed, but also on their understanding of the situation, their expectations about the situation, and their awareness of the motivations underlying the behavior of others.
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Which theory proposes that a certain level of illusions can be helpful?
A. optimal margin theory B. social comparison theory C. social identity theory D. self-schema theory
Pushing a particular button on the TV remote control is reinforced by gaining the consequence you desire, such as changing channels or muting an obnoxious commercial. This illustrates __________ conditioning
a. classical b. vicarious c. operant d. respondent
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Indicate whether the statement is true or false
The text describes a study in which infants were shown pictures of several different horses. Then they were shown a picture of a horse and a picture of a different animal, such as a giraffe
What research technique did this study employ to determine how infants learn to categorize objects? a. classical conditioning b. reinforcement c. habituation d. punishment