What is the difference between a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study? What advantages do longitudinal studies have over cross-sectional studies? What are the limitations of longitudinal studies?
What will be an ideal response?
Key terms and concepts that may be included in student responses:
? Cross-sectional-observe people at only one point in time
? Longitudinal-observe people on two or more occasions over time
? Advantages of longitudinal studies-can show that the independent variable precedes and predicts changes in the dependent variable over time (i.e., researchers can determine whether there are differences between the groups before the crucial event-such as an intervention-occurs, and can assess both short-term and long-term reactions to the event)
? Limitations-time-consuming and usually expensive to implement
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Someone using operant conditioning to teach you to play the piano might start by praising you for putting your hands on the keys, then for pressing one of the keys, and so forth. This would be an example of what?
a. Negative reinforcement b. Stimulus generalization c. The law of effect d. Shaping
The main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system is
A) glutamate. B) GABA C) acetylcholine. D) serotonin.
Aaron just turned 13 and has decided he needs to be more
"manly" so he starts picking fights with other boys and engaging is risky behaviors, things he never did when he was younger. His behavior can best be explained by: A) the gender intensification hypothesis. B) androgyny. C) gender-role transcendence. D) gender schema theory.
A possible reaction to stereotype threat might be _____.
A) an increase in the high-school drop-out rate for African American males B) young girls' preferences for playing with dolls over trucks C) romantic relationship partners living together without being married D) women's high performance on the math portion of the SAT