Spironolactone produces its potassium-sparing diuretic effect by being an aldosterone receptor agonist that:
A. aldosterone receptor agonist that stimulates sodium and potassium exchange.
B. aldosterone receptor antagonist that inhibits sodium and potassium exchange.
C. aldosterone receptor antagonist that inhibits hydrogen and potassium exchange.
D. aldosterone receptor agonist that stimulates hydrogen and potassium exchange.
Answer: B
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A patient with MS has developed dysphagia as a result of cranial nerve dysfunction. What nursing action should the nurse consequently perform?
A) Arrange for the patient to receive a low residue diet. B) Position the patient upright during feeding. C) Suction the patient following each meal. D) Withhold liquids until the patient has finished eating.
An appropriate nursing diagnosis for a patient with hyperparathyroidism would be:
1. Impaired urinary elimination related to urinary calculi. 2. Decreased cardiac output related to heart failure secondary to hypocalcemia. 3. Risk for injury related to hypocalcemia leading to muscle spasms and convulsions. 4. Imbalanced nutrition: greater than body requirements related to increased appe-tite.
Communicating with physicians need not be stressful for new nurses if they remember to:
a. work through emotions before talking with the physician. b. keep the patient's goal central to the discussion. c. maintain shoulder-to-shoulder dialogue. d. document patient changes thoroughly.
A within-subjects test would be required in a study in which:
a. Outcomes for a group are compared before and after an intervention b. Men are compared to women c. Lung cancer patients are compared to colon cancer patients d. Older participants are compared to younger ones