In the case of Clever Hans, a teacher named Wilhelm von
Oster claimed that he had taught his horse arithmetic, including square roots. As it turns out, the horse was merely responding to subtle, unintentional physical signals being given by von Oster. This demonstrates which principle of critical thinking?
A) Extraordinary claims
B) Correlation vs. causation
C) Replicability
D) Occam's Razor
Answer: A
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__________ refers to patterns of thinking and behavior that cause or maintain serious emotional problems.
A. Rumination B. Acute stress disorder C. Posttraumatic stress disorder D. Maladaptive coping
What has research shown about programs to prevent mental illness?
a. Prevention programs based on personality theories are highly successful. b. Many programs that sound good are ineffective or harmful c. Prevention programs are too expensive. d. Nearly all the effective prevention programs are brief.
Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema?
A. No artists can be beekeepers, but some of the beekeepers must be chemists. B. All A are B. All B are C. Therefore, all A are C. C. I forgot to charge my cell phone last night; therefore, I missed an important call today. D. If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends on Saturday night.
Two different clinicians diagnosed the same client with two different personality disorders. How does Reed (2010) explain this? a. The clinicians have different training
b. The symptoms probably overlap in both disorders. c. The client behaved differently with each clinician. d. The clinicians have different levels of experience.