The authors state that their participants “reported having taken an average of 3.1 college-level math and science courses prior to the study (SD = 3.3), but this variable did not predict any of the effects.” In this case, average number of college-level math and science courses is being used in which of the following ways?
a. College-level math and science courses is a control variable.
b. College-level math and science courses is factored in as a potential confound.
c. College-level math and science courses is a dependent variable.
d. College-level math and science courses were tested to see if they explain any of the effects.
Answer: c. College-level math and science courses is a dependent variable.
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Based on the belief that poverty was the result of immorality, city missions provided religious
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