Failure to take steps to avoid or escape from an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli is called ________
a. vicarious learning
b. learned helplessness
c. avoidance learning
d. aversive conditioning
Answer: b
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Parents may contribute to a fixed mindset by telling children they are good at schoolwork, and teachers may do so by ________________
a. emphasizing scores and grades b. focusing on the learning process c. going easy on their grading in class d. offering students extra help
At work, people are supposed to put a quarter in the money jar anytime they take a cup of coffee from the common pot. Betty, however, rarely contributes because she figures her money will not be missed. This situation is a
a. substantive conflict. b. procedural conflict. c. prisoner’s dilemma. d. commons dilemma. e. negative inequity problem.
Which of the following research topics on problem solving would have the lowest ecological validity?
a. How people plan their route through a hardware store, so that they can locate the items as quickly as possible. b. How diners in a restaurant figure out how to divide a bill fairly among themselves. c. How parents of preschoolers plan a birthday party. d. How students in a geometry class use information from previous problems to solve the current problem.
Maslow argued that humans differ from other animals in that humans have a self-initiated striving for
a. survival. c. self-control. b. self-actualization. d. self-regulation.