Which of the following statements best summarizes the research on self-esteem?
a. Research studies consistently find a drop in females' self-esteem during adolescence.
b. Consistent gender differences are found throughout the lifespan.
c. Gender differences in self-esteem are inconsistent; the differences depend on age, ethnicity, and social class.
d. Despite the media publicity over this issue, research studies find no gender differences in self-esteem.
C
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Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list.
A. the first words B. the middle words C. the last words D. both the first and last words
A research design in which different participants are observed at each level of a between-subjects factor and then repeatedly observed across the levels of the within-subjects factor is called a ______.
A. between-subjects factorial design B. within-subjects factorial design C. mixed factorial design D. nonfactorial design
One criticism of diagnostic labels is that
a. they can influence both other people's and the diagnosed person's perception of themselves in negative ways. b. there are so many different systems of diagnosis that it is hard to understand what an individual diagnosis means. c. the DSM-5 wording is so complicated to use that few people are able to use it well. d. they make other information unnecessary, so restrict the type of services that insurance will cover.
According to research by Grusec & Davidov in 2015, because of their developing cognitive ability, 10- to 12-year-olds:
A) are more receptive to direct feedback from parents than they did in the preschool years. B) rate their peers as their best source of emotional support. C) evaluate their parents more harshly than they did in early childhood. D) seek to spend more time with their fathers than with their mothers.