Due to increased left atrial pressure, a patient with mitral stenosis often suffers from:
A. Pulmonary congestion
B. Hepatomegaly
C. Jugular venous distension
D. Ventricular tachycardia
ANS: A
In mitral stenosis, the most common presenting symptoms are dyspnea on exertion and hemoptysis due to pulmonary congestion. The pulmonary congestion is caused by increased left atrial pressure related to the decrease in left atrial emptying. Crackles may be heard at the lung bases but are not present in all patients with pulmonary congestion. Orthopnea may be present because the lungs become more congested in the recumbent position. In addition, atrial fibrillation often develops in patients with mitral stenosis, which, in turn, worsens the pulmonary congestion.
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