What new tools of cultural expression did agriculture make possible? Who tended to control these tools, and what was the result?

Question

What will be an ideal response?

Answer 1

A. New tools of cultural expression from agriculture
1. cross-cultural contacts through migration or trade
2. communities became territorially defined
3. economic obligations, not kinship, shaped allegiance
4. chiefs or economic elites monopolized or largely controlled the distribution of food
5. markets grew, communities and settlements acquired more craftsmen, who engaged in more specialized trades and who organized into more and larger units
6. densely settled communities also tended to divide their populations into more categories
7. changes included intensified settlement, population concentrated in relatively large settlements, multiplying social categories and functions of government, emergence of chiefs and fledgling states, and increasingly diversified and specialized economic activity
B. Control rested with rulers or chiefs
1. societies were more usually organized vertically into groups of people of widely varying rank and wealth, linked by some form of common allegiance
2. rulers organized subjects into categories according to the needs of the state, which include collective labor, taxation, and war