The nurse would expect which change in cardiac output for a patient with fluid volume overload?
a. Increased preload
b. Decreased afterload
c. Decreased tissue perfusion
d. Increased heart rate
A
Preload refers to the stretch of the ventricle related to the volume of blood; an increase in circulating volume would increase the preload of the heart. Afterload refers to resistance; increased pressure would lead to increased resistance, and afterload would increase. A decrease in tissue perfusion would be seen with hypovolemia. A decrease in fluid volume would cause an increase in heart rate as the body is attempting to increase cardiac output.
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