People learn to be afraid. According to the authors’ speculative discussion of theories of classical conditioning, learning fear is consistent with ________ theory and learning what to fear is consistent with ________ theory.
a. S-S, S-R
b. S-S, R-R
c. S-R, S-S
d. R-R, S-R
c. S-R, S-S
Answer feedback: The authors speculate that the acquisition of excitatory classical conditioning (CS-US) could result in S-R conditioning—a person fearing the CS without regard to the US. On the other hand, S-S conditioning would occur if one feared the CS because one also feared the US.
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