Cultures have unique value orientations, which provide order and give direction to individuals, in these five areas
a. good/evil, past/present, being/doing, linear/collateral, domination/subjugation.
b. human relations, time, place, work, relation to universe.
c. personal, family, social, occupational, spiritual.
d. time, human nature, activity, relational, people-to-nature.
D
All cultures have a fundamental set of values and concurrent value orientations, that is, patterned principles that provide order and give direction to individuals' thoughts and behaviors related to the solution of commonly occurring human problems. Cultures have their own unique value orientations in five areas: time (time orientation), human nature (innate human nature), activity (purpose of existence), relational (relationships with others), and people-to-nature (relationship to nature). There are three major ways in which people can perceive time: past, present, or future. The innate human nature of people may be perceived as good, evil, or a combination. In examining the purpose of existence, three major views are held by people from various cultures: 1) being orientation: a human being's value resides in their inherent existence and spontaneity; 2) becoming-in-being orientation: inner control, meditation, and detachment are emphasized as ways to achieve self-realization; and 3) doing orientation: active striving and accomplishment are paramount.
Relationships with others may be categorized in three ways: 1) linear: those that exist by virtue of heredity or kinship ties; 2) collateral: group goals and family orientation are all important; and 3) individual: focus on personal autonomy and independence; individual goals dominate. Relationship with nature includes three perceptions: 1) mastery: human beings dominate nature and have control over their environment; 2) harmony: human beings live in harmony with nature and must maintain that balance; and 3) destiny: human beings are subjugated to nature in a fatalistic manner.
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