The nurse explains to a student nurse that the median lethal dose of drugs is often determined in laboratory preclinical trials because Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Standard Text: Select all that apply
1. it would be unethical to determine these values in human subjects.
2. the safety of the medication must be determined prior to clinical trials.
3. it is difficult to obtain sufficient participants for clinical trials.
4. clinical trials determine only the effective dose of a drug.
5. it is too costly to conduct the studies during clinical trials.
1,2
Rationale 1: Laboratory animals are used in clinical trials to determine the LD50, or the dose that kills 50% of the subjects. It would be unethical to kill human subjects.
Rationale 2: Before a drug is released for trials in human subjects, its safety must be determined.
Rationale 3: It can be challenging to obtain sufficient subjects at times, but this is not the reason for doing lethal studies during preclinical trials.
Rationale 4: Clinical trials determine not only the effectiveness of a drug, but also its adverse and toxic effects.
Rationale 5: The cost of the trials is the reason they are conducted with animal subjects.
Global Rationale: Laboratory animals are used in clinical trials to determine the LD50, or the dose that kills 50% of the subjects. It would be unethical to kill human subjects. Before a drug is released for trials in human subjects, its safety must be determined. It can be challenging to obtain sufficient subjects at times, but this is not the reason for doing lethal studies during preclinical trials. Clinical trials determine not only the effectiveness of a drug, but also its adverse and toxic effects. The cost of the trials is the reason they are conducted with animal subjects.
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The nurse is assessing several children in a pediatric clinic. Which child is experiencing a development delay?
1. The 6-year-old child has lost two deciduous teeth. 2. The 26-month-old child has one baby tooth. 3. The 4-month-old infant is drooling. 4. The 2-month-old infant's salivary glands are not producing saliva.
The nurse is performing a focused genitourinary and renal assessment of a patient. Where should the nurse assess for pain at the costovertebral angle?
A) At the umbilicus and the right lower quadrant of the abdomen B) At the suprapubic region and the umbilicus C) At the lower border of the 12th rib and the spine D) At the 7th rib and the xyphoid process
As a client ages, what oral changes would the nurse expect to see upon an oral assessment? (Select all that apply.)
a. decrease in saliva e. number of taste buds decreases b. decreased gag reflex f. eating and drinking time prolonged c. tooth loss g. reduced risk for aspiration d. difficulty chewing h. malnutrition may occur
Touch is an important part of therapeutic nursing and conveying comfort. However, the cultural meaning and the cultural contexts of touch must be considered. As a culturally competent nurse, which is the BEST approach to using touch?
a. Discuss the expectations of touch with the client to avoid miscommunication. b. Avoid using touch with any client, regardless of age, of the opposite gender. c. Consult with the attending provider about using touch with a particular client. d. Wear gloves whenever first touching any client, so he or she will not fear contamination.