Which of the following was NOT a common punishment in 18th and 19th century United States?

a. Solitary confinement
b. Stocks
c. Branding
d. Mild mutilation


a. Solitary confinement

Criminal Justice

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Labeling theory holds that primary deviance is converted into secondary deviance by the drug use becoming public and drug users are labeled as "deviant."

a. True b. False

Criminal Justice

Which is the most common type of riot in this country?

a. race b. prison c. sports d. political

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During this time period, victims were the focus of the justice system.

a. Industrial Revolution b. Dark Ages c. Middle Ages d. Modern Times

Criminal Justice

If peace officers are to provide a satisfactory level of service they must direct their efforts toward

a. the welfare system. b. bank robbers. c. existing community problems. d. crowd control at public events.

Criminal Justice