Urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia, retention, and incontinence are common with aging. These occur because of (Select all that apply.)
a. weakened musculature in the bladder and urethra.
b. 1,000 to 2,000 mL fluids per 24 hours.
c. diminished neurologic sensation combined with decreased bladder capacity.
d. increased hormonal changes and muscle strength.
e. the effects of medications such as diuretics.
A, C, E
Urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia, retention, and incontinence are common with aging. These occur because of weakened musculature in the bladder and urethra, diminished neurologic sensation combined with decreased bladder capacity, and the effects of medications such as diuretics. Older women are at risk for stress incontinence because of hormonal changes and weakened pelvic musculature. Inadequate fluid intake (less than 1,000 to 2,000 mL per 24 hours) can lead to urinary stasis.
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