Because women and girls represent a smaller proportion of the correctional population, programming for them has traditionally been ______.
a. individualized
b. tailored to women and girls
c. geared toward men and boys
d. more robust
c. geared toward men and boys
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Who established the Irish system that was based on the work of Alexander Maconochie?
a. Walter Crofton b. Torsten Erikkson c. Sir Walter Crofton d. Zebulon Brockway
Name and discuss the different probability sampling techniques?
Simple random samples require a procedure that generates numbers or identifies cases of the population for selection strictly on the basis of chance. Every element in the population has a known, equal, and independent chance of being selected. In Systematic random samples the first element is randomly selected but after that the rest of the sample is selected systematically. The first one is randomly selected and then say every 10th or 15th is then selected. This allows for the elimination of deriving a new random number for every case being selected. Multistage cluster sampleswork toward the sample through successive approximations. First a sample from a list of groups or clusters is taken and then the researcher draws a random sample of elements from within each selected cluster. Weighted or stratified samples select elements based not on an equal chance of being selected but the elements would have a known but unequal chance of being selected.
A classic attempt to measure police patrol effectiveness was the Kansas City study. What did this study indicate about the effectiveness of police patrol?
a. that proactive patrol reduced crime b. that variations in patrol had little effect on crime patterns c. that reactive patrol reduced crime but only in residential areas d. that citizens' attitudes toward police became more favorable as patrol increased
There is relatively little research testing for racial discrimination in the sentencing of individuals convicted of misdemeanor offenses. Because the lower courts where misdemeanor cases are handled usually have huge caseloads and informal, nonadversarial procedures for delivering what is often referred to as _______________, one might predict that the likelihood of racially disparate decisions
would be even greater in these courts than in the more formal felony courts. a. "American justice" c. "real justice" b. "procedural justice" d. "assembly-line justice,"