Highlight the major developments in eighteenth-century music: the birth of the orchestra and new forms of Classical composition
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Music in the eighteenth century underwent a significant evolutionary explosion, with the rise of instrumental music leading the way. Religious compositions were still in demand, but church music was overshadowed by the vast amounts of music composed for secular entertainment. Innovations in science and technology allowed instrument makers to work at perfecting their craft and products. As composers began to explore the possibilities of instrumental music more fully, the orchestra gradually arose. The Bohemian composer Johann Stamitz is thought to have put together an early version of the orchestra, consisting of groups of related instruments, each with its own character or personality: the strings (violins, violas, cellos, and double basses); the woodwinds (flutes, oboes, clarinets, and bassoon); the brass section (trumpets, and French horns); and the percussion section (timpani).
Musical form also underwent much development. Composers wrote music for a variety of instrumental groupings. The largest of these was the orchestral form known as the symphony, an instrumental composition for full orchestra. In addition to the symphony, three other instrumental genres dominated the Classical era: the concerto; the string quartet; and the sonata. These forms all generally followed the same compositional structure: they were divided into three or four sections, or movements, each of which followed a specific tempo, or musical pace. Almost every first and last movement was composed sonata form (or sonata allegro). Also popular among composers was the form known as theme and variations.
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Career advice from professionals and educators is not always accurate because they_____.
a. are jealous and that leads to intentional misleading b. need advanced degrees to be credible c. may not have a good “ear” for hit music d. are not necessarily knowledgeable about all industry segments
During the 1960s much of the rock music by black performers was called ________.
A. gospel B. rock and roll C. country and western D. soul
Identify the key for each of the following exercises. Add inner voices and a roman numeral analysis. On the first line(s) below each exercise, name the cadence or cadences. On the lines that follow, identify the features of the chord progression that differ from the normal circle of fifths progression. These features include truncated progressions, chord substitutions, retrogressions, unusual chord qualities, and so on. The correct number of lines are provided for each exercise.
Which nineteenth-century composer, who wrote the piece nicknamed "The Surprise," is often called the "father of the symphony"?
a. Paul Anton Esterházy b. Ludwig von Köchel c. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart d. Franz Joseph Haydn