A doctor diagnosis a child with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) a disorder in which there is an accumulation of long fatty acid chains accumulating in the cells of the central nervous system. The issues arise with malfunctions in enzymes associated with which organelle?
A. Golgi bodies
B. ribosomes
C. vacuoles
D. peroxisomes
E. endoplasmic reticulum
Clarify Question
· What is the key concept addressed by the question?
· What type of thinking is required?
· What key words does the question contain and what do they mean?
Gather Content
· What do you know about fatty acid accumulation in cells? How does it relate to the question?
Consider Possibilities
· What other information is related to the question? Which information is most useful?
Choose Answer
· Given what you now know, what information and/or problem solving approach is most likely to produce the correct answer?
Reflect on Process
· Did your problem-solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a more desirable result?
D. peroxisomes
Clarify Question
· What is the key concept addressed by the question?
o The question asks about accumulation of fatty acids.
· What type of thinking is required?
o You are being asked to apply your knowledge of the breakdown of fatty acids to explain a disease.
· What key words does the question contain and what do they mean?
o Long chain fatty acids accumulate – this could be due to increased synthesis or decreased breakdown.
o Malfunctions of enzymes – if an enzyme is not working it has a decrease in activity.
Gather Content
· What do you know about fatty acid accumulation in cells? How does it relate to the question?
o A decrease in enzymes used to break down fatty acids would result in an increase of these fatty acids in a cell. This is most likely because the enzyme cannot cleave the fatty acids any more.
Consider Possibilities
· What other information is related to the question? Which information is most useful?
o Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes are used in protein synthesis. The Golgi is involved in protein transport. Vacuoles are used to store water and carbohydrates in cells.
Choose Answer
· Given what you now know, what information and/or problem solving approach is most likely to produce the correct answer?
o Peroxisomes contain enzymes used to digest fatty acids. If an enzyme needed to break down fatty acids was missing from the peroxisome then fatty acids would accumulate in the cell.
Reflect on Process
· Did your problem-solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a more desirable result?
o This question asked you to apply your understanding of the role of the peroxisome in a disease. If you got the correct answer, great job! If you got an incorrect answer, where did the process break down? Did you realize that a decrease in the amount of enzyme would cause an accumulation of the substrate it normally cleaved? Did you recall the function of the other organelles listed?
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A scientist is trying to coax stem cells to differentiate into muscle to use as a therapy for muscular dystrophy. He looks at his Petri dish and is excited to see the cells contracting! The cells appear striated and multinucleate. What type of muscle are they?
A. cardiac muscle B. smooth muscle C. involuntary muscle D. skeletal muscle Clarify Question What is the key concept addressed by the question? What type of thinking is required?8 Gather Content What do you already know about muscle tissue? What other information is related to the question? Choose Answer Given what you now know, what information is most likely to produce the correct answer? Reflect on Process Did your problem-solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a more desirable result?
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