How do the first two cervical vertebrae differ from other cervical vertebrae? What are their functions?
What will be an ideal response
The atlas or C1 vertebra has no body. It articulates with the skull with large curved articular surfaces to allow the skull to rock in a "yes" motion. The axis or C2 vertebra has a projection called the dens that allows the axis to pivot, giving the head the "no" motion. The vertebral foramen of the atlas is enlarged so that when the head is pivoted in the "no" motion, the spinal cord can move.
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You are a veterinarian and a dog is brought in that has experienced a BB gun shot to the brain. The brain scan reveals damage to the septum of the limbic system. You need to explain this injury to the owners. Which of the following is true?
A. The septum is required for the expression of rage, with a damaged septum, this dog will always be docile and never aggressive. B. In a normal animal, the septum inhibits the amygdala. Without it, the dog will always be fearful and vicious. C. The septum of the limbic system is required for memory formation. The dog will be forever forgetful D. The septum of the limbic system is required to express affection, without it, the dog may be less affectionate. E. The septum of the limbic system is required for regulation of appetite. Without it, the dog may overeat.
When chemoreceptors in blood vessels detect high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, they stimulate all of the following changes EXCEPT
a) increased vasoconstriction of arterioles. b) increased blood pressure. c) decreased respiratory rate. d) increased sympathetic stimulation of arterioles and veins. e) increased vasoconstriction of veins.
Discuss the defenses of the urinary system
What will be an ideal response?
Sodium-potassium pumps restore the resting membrane potential following an action potential, a process known as ____
a. repolarization b. depolarization c. hyperpolarization d. bipolarization